we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". /Footnote /Note You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . /StructParents 0 29 0 obj -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. >> /F3 23 0 R /Subtype /TrueType 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R /S /Transparency >> 1 0 obj >> /Contents 42 0 R That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. A pragmatic social cognitive psychology covers a lot of territory, mostly in personality and social psychology but also in clinical, counseling, and school psychologies. System 2 may also have no clue to the error. What is diffusion of responsibility? /Parent 2 0 R 14 0 obj Aug 2016. Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. /F4 24 0 R System 2 may also have no clue to the error. 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 4,000 & 9,000 \\ >> [40] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs.[40]. << A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. >> The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. /Type /ExtGState << -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one /Type /Page Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. What percentage of participants administered at least some shocks? The cognitive miser . Introducing Cram Folders! endobj Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. >> /Font << How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. /Parent 2 0 R 5,000 & 8,000 \\ /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R /GS7 27 0 R /Type /Group The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. /Creator (alibabadownload.com) 0 333 0 667 556 833 667 722 0 0 applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? /GS7 27 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R endobj Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding (1950s) a. What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. << The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. /FirstChar 32 affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. Kruglanski said people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies based on current goals or needs, people are motivated tacticians. Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. Journalize Versailles Co.s entries to record the payment. This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ /CS /DeviceRGB The nave scientist and attribution theory, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 09:14, heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making, JournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology, "Likegoeswithlike:theroleofrepresentativenessinerroneousandpseudoscientificbeliefs", "Communicatingscienceinsocialsettings", "3MESSAGESANDHEURISTICS:HOWAUDIENCESFORMATTITUDESABOUTEMERGINGTECHNOLOGIES", "Thesocial-cognitivebasesofscientificknowledge", "Bats,balls,andsubstitutionsensitivity:cognitivemisersarenohappyfools", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341140.003.0004, Heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making. /Type /Group 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. /F1 21 0 R >> attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] >> << What is the probability that he will be a good president?" This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 /Type /Font /S /Transparency ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. What is the actor-observer bias? -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /GS8 28 0 R /Annots [51 0 R] 2011 . /F2 22 0 R That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. Gordon Pennycook . /CS /DeviceRGB /Type /Group /Tabs /S a. /ExtGState << /StructParents 12 The cognitive miser and focal bias . /Type /Group -People get aroused in crowds and self-awareness dissipates. /StructParents 7 Wim . >> Book: Stanovich, Keith E. . -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. /Tabs /S "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /ParentTreeNextKey 13 \end{array} endobj /FirstChar 32 >> >> System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. >> Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B /Font << /Resources << >> Explain the significance of /Type /Group /Tabs /S /F1 21 0 R >> [16][17][18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. 23417270. free . [30] Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. /Lang (en-US) What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? What is what? come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. << First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work
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